Fungus Fact Friday

Tagged: edible

with caution, you can eat these mushrooms

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Current / Fungus Fact

#071: Flammulina velutipes, The Velvet Foot or Enoki

It’s often said that you can tell how edible a mushroom is by the number of names it has. This concept certainly applies to the edible Flammulina velutipes, which goes by the common names Enokitake (and the shortened form Enoki), Velvet Foot, Winter Mushroom, and Golden Mushroom, as well as many other derivatives and regional names (if you’re outside the United States, you probably call it something else!). Another reason the species has so many names is because it looks very different in the wild than it does in the grocery store: in the wild, it grows as an orange umbrella-shaped mushroom with a black fuzzy stipe, but when cultivated it grows as a pale thin needle-shaped (or perhaps spaghetti-shaped) mushroom with a tiny pileus. I generally use the names F. velutipes, Velvet Foot, and Enoki, since each one emphasizes a different physical aspect of the mushroom.

Gyromitra brunnea 0

Fungus Fact

#232: Gyromitra brunnea

Gyromitra brunnea is a false morel (see FFF#034) that is fairly common in the eastern and midwestern parts of North America. Like the other false morels, it has a solid to chambered stipe and a wrinkly head. The thing that sets G. brunnea apart, however, is that the cap is highly lobed and there are white seams along the edges of the lobes. No other false morels feature these seams, making G. brunnea easy to identify.

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Fungus Fact

#067: Mushroom Morpholgy: Verpas

The genus Verpa contains just a handful of species that are encountered occasionally.  These mushrooms look a lot like morels (FFF#033), but are attached just at the top of the cap and have a stipe filled with cottony material.  The cap of a verpa hangs down around the stipe, rather like a thimble on top of a finger.  This arrangement has led to the common names “Thimble Cap” or “Thimble Fungus,” although I usually just call them “verpas.”  Verpas tend to appear just before morels, so if you find one you should come back to check for morels after a week or two.

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Fungus Fact

#227: Polyporus umbellatus, the Umbrella Polypore

I have never found Polyporus umbellatus, but apparently I’m not alone.  This mushroom has a wide range that covers the whole northern hemisphere but the mushrooms are still uncommon.  Known as the “Umbrella Polypore,” P. umbellatus forms rosettes on the ground under hardwood trees.  The central stalk branches repeatedly and each branch ends in a circular umbrella-like cap (hence its common name).  Umbrella Polypores appear in the spring just after morel season and sometimes reappear in the fall.  The fungus is a weak parasite and can feed on its host trees for decades, so after you find one once, you know where to find some next year!  The mushroom is considered edible and medicinal, although different parts are used for each purpose.

Morchella angusticeps 2

Fungus Fact

#140: Morchella angusticeps, the Black Morel of Eastern North America

Black morels can be distinguished from yellow morels by their dark ridges and light pits. Other morels have light ridges with darker (or only slightly darker) pits.  Morchella angusticeps is the most widespread black morel in North America.  It can be found almost anywhere east of the Rocky Mountains, although it is not as common as yellow morels (see FFF#086 and FFF#226).  There are a handful of black morel species, but you can easily identify M. angusticeps because it is the only one in eastern North America that does not grow in burn sites or on wood.

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Fungus Fact

#226: Tulip Morels

Eastern North America has two general forms of yellow morels: large and small.  Large morels (see FFF#086) typically grow up to 22cm when fully grown, whereas the smaller versions grow up to only 12.5cm tall.  But size isn’t the only difference; the smaller yellow morels tend to be thinner in relation to their height and have long vertical pits.  The larger morels typically look stouter and have more random pits.  Small morels are commonly known as “Tulip Morels” because of their association with tulip trees.  Tulip morels comprise two species that are nearly indistinguishable: Morchella diminutiva and M. sceptriformis.

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Fungus Fact

#085: Schizophyllum commune, The Mushroom with Over 28,000 Sexes

If you think dating is complicated in the human world, be glad you’re not Schizophyllum commune.  Humans have two basic biological sexes and six or more gender identities to deal with, but S. commune has to choose from over 28,000 different sexes!  This overly complex system is based on genetics and the weird way fungi reproduce.  But this isn’t just a weird example, it’s also one of the most common mushrooms in the world.  You can probably find the mushroom out now, and identify it easily.  The little white mushroom is easily distinguished by its small gills, which appear to be split lengthwise.  This unique feature has led to its common name, the “Split Gill” or sometimes “Common Split Gill.”

Lepista nuda 0

Fungus Fact

#223: Lepista nuda, The Blewit

Lepista nuda, often called Clitocybe nuda, is a popular edible mushroom known as the “Bewit” or “Wood Blewit.” I’ve put off writing about these mushrooms for a long time because they’re one of the most difficult edible mushrooms to positively identify. Until this fall, I wasn’t completely sure of my ability to identify these mushrooms. The problem is that Blewits have very few unique characteristics and can therefore be confused with many poisonous mushrooms. Blewits are definitely not beginner mushrooms. Young Blewits are a beautiful lilac color and can be confused with Cortinarius. With age, Blewits become tan and can be confused with Cortinarius, other clitocybioid mushrooms, and probably others as well. With so many possible lookalikes, remember: “When in doubt, throw it out!”

Amanita amerirubescens 0

Fungus Fact

#152: Amanita rubescens Group, The Blushers

Amanita rubescens (and its close relatives) could be considered the fugu (pufferfish) of the mushroom world: both are edible but careless mistakes can be deadly. Although A. rubescens is considered edible and many people eat it, most people avoid the mushroom because it is easily confused with some deadly poisonous amanitas. A. rubescens slowly stains pinkish when injured, earning it the nickname “The Blusher.” Other than this distinctive staining reaction, the mushroom looks a lot like other species of Amanita; the Blusher is a tannish umbrella-shaped agaric with warts on the cap and a ring on the stalk.

B. frostii 0

Fungus Fact

#220: Butyriboletus frostii

Boletes are some of the most beautiful mushrooms; their striking color combinations and distinctive textures make the entire group extremely photogenic. One of my favorite boletes to photograph is Butyriboletus frostii, commonly known as the “Candy Apple Bolete” or “Frost’s Bolete.” This mushroom is bright red with yellow and orange layered underneath and has a prominently reticulated stipe. To capture all the beauty of B. frostii, you need to photograph it when it’s young and its red pores are still covered with golden droplets. You may know this mushroom under a different name; when I first learned this mushroom way back in 2015, it was called Boletus frostii. Then its name changed to Exsudoporus frostii before changing again to Butyriboletus frostii, which is the correct name as of this writing in July 2018.